Well to answer your questions rather than just give you some useless ranting here goes.
1) how close does the card have to be
The card should either fill the frame, focus is irrelevant. So long as the item you are white balancing from i.e. grey card, slate, hand, sand etc fills the majority of the cameras frame.
2) how long does it take.
depends on each camera, not long at all, maybe 30 seconds at the most ? Takes me about 10 seconds.
Try white balancing your camera on land ... point it at a white wall and go through the process to see how your camera does it. If you don’t know how read your manual.
PS if you are setting your white balance to take photos UW it can be done cloudy or sunny, same difference. Best results are always on sunny days as normal though.